Dehydration – Signs and Symptoms in Children
The headlines describing “extreme heat waves” the past few months are a constant reminder of the harsh temperatures we are seeing this summer. With increased heat comes increased sweating and increased loss of fluids from the body. This loss of fluid leads to dehydration if it is not replaced through drinking. Combine these increased losses with active, busy children who do not think about taking the time to stop and drink fluids regularly, and you have a recipe for disaster…or at least significant symptoms.
Causes of dehydration
While intense heat is certainly a risk factor for developing dehydration, there are other causes to be aware of as well.
Gastrointestinal illness – ie, vomiting and diarrhea – is probably the most common cause in children around the world, and can be severe enough to cause death if not recognized and treated appropriately. Children who have persistent or severe vomiting and diarrhea must be evaluated quickly.
Pain – certain viral illnesses, such as Coxsackie virus (the cause of Hand, Foot and Mouth disease) and Herpes, can cause severe mouth sores. Throat infections such as Strep cause pain in the throat that can be severe. The pain associated with these illnesses can prompt children to refuse oral fluids.
Symptoms of dehydration
- Dry mouth.
- Lack of tears.
- Decrease in urination.
- Sunken eyes.
- Altered behavior – drowsy, dizzy, cranky.
- Sunken soft spot on the top of head (infants only).
Treatment of dehydration
Mild – children with this level of dehydration can be safely given oral fluids at home. Increasing water intake* as well as oral rehydration solutions is key. If the child is dehydrated due to excessive heat exposure, he or she should be taken out of the heat and into a cooler environment while fluids are given. If the child is dehydrated due to gastrointestinal illness, small sips throughout the day will be more effective than larger volumes (these may prompt further vomiting due to stomach discomfort). Juices should be avoided when children have diarrhea.
Moderate and Severe – children with moderate to severe levels of dehydration must be taken to the emergency room for evaluation and treatment. This will often include IV fluids, fever reducing medications, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and treatment of the underlying condition that led to dehydration.
*please note – do not give plain water to infants for rehydration. This can cause their sodium levels to drop significantly and precipitate seizures.
Final thoughts
Dehydration in the summertime is a real risk to the health and safety of children. Before you send them out to play, remember to refill those water bottles. Before you send them to sports practices in the heat, remember to give them extra water and electrolyte solutions. If your child is experiencing persistent vomiting and diarrhea, remember to check for signs of dehydration and seek care if needed.
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